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stock-photo-20868697-commercial-real-estate.jpgWhat does an employer’s use of criminal history information in hiring decisions have to do with employment discrimination? The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has determined that an employer’s use of an individual’s criminal history in making employment decisions could violate the prohibition against employment discrimination.

The situation has attracted attention from lawsuits involving an automobile manufacturer and a discount retailer who are alleged to have inappropriately used criminal background checks to deny employment to workers, resulting in discriminatory treatment. The lawsuits were brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII is enforced by the EEOC and prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin.

The EEOC issued updated employment guidance to address findings that the application of criminal background checks for employment decisions results in a disparate impact based on race and national origin. African Americans and Hispanics are incarcerated at rates disproportionate to their numbers in the general population, indicating an increased potential for disparate impact, but employers can show in an EEOC investigation that their particular employment policy or practice does not cause a disparate impact on the protected group.

Courts look to the following types of evidence to determine whether an employer was motivated by race, national origin, or other protected characteristics when using criminal records in a selection decision:

  • statements that are derogatory concerning the charging party’s protected group;
  • evidence that the employer requested criminal history information more often for individuals certain racial or ethnic backgrounds or did not give equal opportunity to explain criminal history to all groups;
  • treating a charging party differently from others not in the same protected group;
  • results of matched-pair testing that show different treatment because of a protected status; and
  • results of statistical analysis of applicant data, workforce data, or third party criminal background history data.

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Thumbnail image for 1062252_happy_elderly_couple.jpgThere are many things mature persons need to plan for. An often overlooked area which requires careful planning is potential long-term care. More than half of people sixty five and over will require some form of long-term care. The Medicare office estimates that by the year 2020 approximately twelve million people will need long-term care. The cost of health care continues to increase and government support programs are being cut. The median cost of a one year stay in a nursing home in New Jersey is approximately one hundred thousand dollars per year.

The five possible sources for payment for long term care are private payment, long term care insurance, Medicaid, Medicare and the Veterans Administration. If you are a veteran entitled to those VA benefits, if you are eligible for long term care insurance and able to afford it , or if you are able and willing to pay privately for long-term care, then perhaps you do not need to plan. However, most people do not fit into any of those three categories. The two remaining options are Medicare and Medicaid.

Medicare has specific rules and will only provide coverage up to one hundred days. The patient must be eligible for Medicare, have spent three days in a hospital and enter long term care within thirty days of the hospital stay. Medicare will cover the first twenty days of the stay, then for the next eighty days Medicare may require the patient to pay up to $144.50 per day and Medicare will cover the balance. After the first one hundred days, Medicare will stop providing coverage. Moreover, the care must qualify as “medically necessary”. Medicare will not pay for what is classified as “custodial care,” that is it will not pay the cost of general assistance with daily activities, i.e. eating, dressing, bathing, etc. The patient must require skilled nursing care. Thus, this is a very limited payment option.
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handshake.jpgEvery owner of a closely held small business should have an up to date buy-sell agreement.

A buy-sell agreement is a written agreement between business owners. The purpose of the agreement is to ensure that the current owners are protected from ending up owning a business with an unwanted partner (or shareholder). It restricts the owners’ rights to sell or transfer their interest in the business to a third party. The agreement dictates what will happen in the event of the death of an owner, the disability of an owner, the retirement of an owner, the withdrawal of an owner, the bankruptcy of an owner, the divorce of an owner, or one owner’s desire to sell her share of the business.

A buy-sell agreement is the most effective mechanism to ensure for: the smooth transfer of ownership of the business in the event of death, divorce, bankruptcy or retirement of one of its owners; or an agreed upon method for valuation of the business; payment terms and method of funding the payment for the business interest of one of the owners for the buyout of a departing owner; eliminating or minimizing disputes between owners who are retaining ownership and those leaving the business, or between owners and heirs of a deceased owner or other possible unwanted business partners; ensuring that the remaining owners retain control over who their future partners may be; and ensuring that upon the death or disability of an owner, their family is financially secure.

It is crucial that each year after a buy-sell agreement has been finalized and signed that the owners review certain key provisions of the agreement to ensure they still reflect their wishes and changed circumstances:

  1. The valuation formula – the owners should ensure that it continues to reflect the value of the business and their own intent;
  2. The effect of any changes in tax laws upon the terms of the agreement;
  3. The funding mechanisms of the agreement – regardless of the funding scheme contemplated, be it through insurance maintained by the business on the lives of the owners, or through payments over time from the earnings of the business, it is crucial to review and ensure that the funding will be available to effectuate the terms of the agreement;
  4. The structure of the agreement – a redemption agreement, a cross purchase or a hybrid; and
  5. The triggering event – while buy-sell agreements typically include various potential scenarios including death, divorce, disability, voluntary termination, involuntary termination or bankruptcy of an owner, it is important to consider the specific circumstances of the owners of the closely held business and ensure that each triggering event is addressed in a way that is satisfactory to all owner’s actual needs.
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    stock-photo-19369246-checklist.jpgEveryone should do their best to avoid accidents that lead to injuries such as car, bus, motorcycle, or trucking accidents, a slip and fall accident, or a work related accident – but some accidents cannot be avoided. Once you get into an accident it can be hard to think clearly. You may be injured, stressed, confused, or overwhelmed. It is therefore important to keep a level head and follow the guide below to best ensure that your rights are protected.

    Step 1: Report the accident to the appropriate authorities. Typically accidents are reported to the local police department. However, if you are on a state highway in New Jersey, the accident should be reported to the New Jersey State Police. Boating accidents must be reported to the New Jersey State Police, Marine Law Enforcement station in the area where the accident occurred. Work place injuries should be reported to management.

    Do not discuss motor vehicle or boating accidents with others involved, this includes the other drivers’ insurance company. Direct any questions to your lawyer. Avoid posting comments on social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, etc.

    Discuss the accident only with the police during the investigations. All other discussions should be limited.
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    ambulance.jpg The concept of a charitable immunity – that charities cannot be sued for negligent conduct – originates from nineteenth century common law, based upon the idea that funds that were otherwise meant to go to charitable causes should not be diverted to pay for legal actions. In 1958, the New Jersey Supreme Court overruled this charitable immunity doctrine. However, shortly thereafter, the New Jersey legislature enacted The Charitable Immunity Act reinstating the charitable immunity to a certain extent.

    The Charitable Immunity Act provides in part that nonprofit corporations, societies and associations organized exclusively for religious, charitable or education purposes or their representatives cannot be liable to anyone who suffers as a result of a charitable organization’s representatives’ negligence if they would otherwise benefit from the acts of the organization. Therefore, in order to qualify for the charitable immunity, and therefore avoid suit, the organization must have been promoting its exclusively religious, charitable, or educational purpose to the plaintiff who was a beneficiary of it’s religious, charitable or education efforts.

    The idea is that the person who the charitable organization was trying to help cannot then sue the charitable organization for negligence in it’s efforts to aid that person. However, a Charitable Immunity does not insulate an organization from suit if the wrongful act was willful, intentional, reckless, or even grossly negligent.
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    stock-photo-412835-refinance.jpgNew Jersey imposes a “realty transfer fee” on the sale of property. Sellers of real estate in New Jersey are often surprised by this fee, which is akin to a sales tax. The amount of realty transfer fee changes with the sales price, it is about half a percent for houses selling for $225,000, and increases to about one percent for sales of $1,000,000, as the sales prices go higher, the realty transfer fee continues to increase. You can check the realty transfer fee for a particular sales price using an online calculator.

    http://www.realstorynj.com/sellers/realty-transfer-fee-calculator The realty transfer fee, along with the mansion tax, must be paid to the county clerk of the county where the property is located simultaneously with the recording of the deed.

    If a home is sold for more than one million dollars it is also subject to the mansion tax in addition to the realty transfer fee. The mansion tax requires the buyer to pay a tax of one percent of the purchase price. Properties which are subject to the mansion tax include residential property, farm property with a house and commercial property. Properties which are not subject to the mansion tax include vacant land, farm property with no residence, farm property which qualifies for farmland assessments, industrial property and apartment buildings with five or more units, cemeteries, public schools, churches and certain properties owned by charitable organizations.

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    stock-photo-4786200-handshake-at-the-business-meeting.jpgThere are three forms of formal dispute resolution to resolve a legal dispute which informal negotiations have fulfilled: mediation, arbitration, or litigation. Understanding the benefits and drawbacks of each is important to decide which method is best to resolve a dispute.

    Mediation.

    Mediation is a process where a neutral third party assists in resolving the dispute. Mediators are typically lawyers or retired judges who have extensive experience in the field in which parties have a dispute. The decision to settle is always up to the parties. Mediators do not have the power to issue a binding decision. Instead, mediators can often provide their opinion on how they believe matters will be resolved through a litigation or an arbitration and lead the parties to agree by explaining the strengths and weaknesses of each others’ case.

    Mediators will often ask the parties to submit confidential written statements and documents that support the parties position to the mediator before the mediation. On the day of the mediation, the parties will meet at a pre-arranged location with the mediator. The process typically involves the parties providing a short explanation of their side of the case to the mediator. The parties will then break into separate rooms and the mediator will shuttle between rooms to discuss the dispute and a resolution.

    Mediation is typically confidential. Mediations resolve disputes quickly and are far less expensive than arbitration or litigation, and allow the parties to control the outcome.
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    New Jersey law N.J.S.A. 54:4-35.1 allows property owners to request reduced property tax assessments for property damaged as a result of Superstorm Sandy. This law was enacted in the response to a severe Nor’easter which hit New Jersey 1962. That storm caused significant property damage and there was no basis in the law for property tax relief for the affected tax payers. This year, that law is being used to assist property owners who have sustained significant property damage. The statute provides in part:

    …When any building or other structure which has been destroyed, consumed by fire, demolished or altered in such a way that its value has materially depreciated, either intentionally or by the action of storm, fire, cyclone, tornado, or earthquake, or other casualty, …the assessor shall…after examination and inquiry, determine the value of such parcel real property as of…January 1, and assess the same according to such value.

    Usually, when a homeowner files a property tax appeal, the appeal is based on the fair market value of the property on October 1st of the preceding year. Superstorm Sandy hit the coast of New Jersey on October 29, 2012, devastating communities and causing property damage in the United States which has been estimated to exceed $71 billion.

    This law is very limited in that it only assists homeowners who have sustained damage between October 1st of the previous year and January 1st of the current tax year. It also requires notification of the assessor by the property owner before January 10 of the current tax year. If a homeowner notified the assessor and filed the appropriate form with supporting documentation prior to the January 10th deadline, the municipality will investigate and issue an assessment.
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    whistle.jpg

    New Jersey’s Conscientious Employee Protection Act (“CEPA”) is one of New Jersey’s employment protection laws. The Act, enacted in 1986, is often referred to as the “whistleblower law.” In fact, it is one of the most liberally interpreted and expansive whistleblower laws in the country. It protects employees from being fired in retaliation for the employee’s disclosure of or objection to a wrongful practice of the business or one of the business’s employees.

    In order for the statute’s protections to apply, the employee must disclose, object to, or refuse to participate in an act, policy, or practice of the employer which the employee reasonably believes violates a law, regulation, or public policy. Further, the employee must be fired, harassed, or otherwise retaliated against as a direct result of the disclosure, objection, or refusal. The employee does not even have to be right about her belief that the conduct is illegal or against public policy to be protected by the act. The employee merely has to have a reasonable belief of such.

    CEPA includes in its definition of “employer” any individual, partnership, association, corporation or any person or group of persons acting directly or indirectly on behalf of or in the interest of an employer with the employer’s consent.
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    New Jersey has several “tracks” for a government employee who is in civil service to fight when he believes he was wrongfully fired. The first, is in the Civil Service Commission, which can order reinstatement and back-pay. However, this process goes through the Office of Administrative Law and does not provide for a jury trial. The other way is to challenge the firing in the Superior Court, with the constitutional right to have a jury decide the employee’s case. Some statutes, such as the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination and the Conscientious Employee Protection Acts, provide for the award of punitive damages and attorneys fees.

    The Conscientious Employee Protection Act (“CEPA”) is New Jersey’s whistleblower law. It protects whistleblowing employees. Employers may not retaliate in any way, whether through firing, harassment, demotion, or in any other manner because the employee has disclosed, objected to, refused to participate in or threatened to disclose a violation of law or public policy regarding public safety, or fraudulent acts. N.J.S.A. 34:19-1.

    The New Jersey law had been that an employee could challenge his termination in the Civil Service Commission on the fact that the employer did not have a basis to discharge him, but not be foreclosed from also filing a whistleblower lawsuit under CEPA in Superior Court if she did not raise the retaliatory action before the Civil Service Commission.

    The New Jersey Supreme Court, generally is one of the most protective courts of employees rights in the country, was recently issued an opinion by his employer which should give civil servants concern.
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